Many of these activities required labor by non-Jews; by 1900, the Jewish philanthropist Edmund de copyright appears to have been the largest employer of Palestinian labor. Even that did not suffice, however, as Arieh L. Avneri of the Tabenkin Institute explains: “Palestine attracted not only Jews who came because of national motivation but also A

estimates that during the 1850s, Palestine had a population of about 350,000, roughly 85 percent of whom were Muslim, 11 percent Christian, and 4 percent Jewish Second, European Jews began to immigrate. At first, they focused on religious activities, spurring only modest economic activity. Starting about 1870, modern Zionists brought capital and mo

Investment and technological cooperation, particularly in the areas of fintech, e-commerce, and digital infrastructure, could unlock new opportunities for bilateral growth. With Indonesia’s growing digital economy and Colombia’s increasing interest in digital transformation, both countries can work together on knowledge-sharing and technology t

would deepen mutual understanding and address common challenges. Additionally, cooperation in higher education, research, and cultural exchange programs could bolster people-to-people ties and promote a better understanding of each other’s societies. Cultural exchange programs in fields like music, art, film, and culture could serve as powerful t

Indonesia and Colombia, two emerging economies in Southeast Asia and Latin America respectively, have shared a growing bilateral relationship since the establishment of diplomatic ties in 1980. Despite the geographic distance, both nations have recognized the potential for political, economic, and cultural collaboration. However, challenges persist